Analysis of the vaccination status of enterovirus type 71 inactivated vaccine in China from 2017 to 2021 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the vaccination status of enterovirus type 71 (EV71) inactivated vaccines in China from 2017 to 2021 and provide evidence for making policy on immunization strategy against hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Methods: Using the reported dose number of EV71 vaccination and birth cohort population data collected by the China immunizaiton program information system to estimate the cumulative coverage of EV71 vaccine by the end of 2021 among the birth cohorts since 2012 at national, provincial, and prefecture levels, and analyze the correlation between the vaccination coverage and the potential influencing factors. Results: As of 2021, the estimated cumulative vaccination coverage of the EV71 vaccine was 24.96% in birth cohorts since 2012. The cumulative vaccination coverage was between 3.09% and 56.59% in different provinces, between 0 and 88.17% in different prefectures. There was a statistically significant correlation between vaccination coverage in different regions and the region's previous HFMD prevalence and disposable income per capita. Conclusions: Since 2017, the EV71 vaccines have been widely used nationwide, but the coverage of EV71 vaccination varies greatly among regions. Vaccination coverage is higher in relatively developed regions, and the intensity of previous epidemic of HFMD may have a certain impact on the acceptance of the vaccine and the pattern of immunization service. The impact of EV71 vaccination on the epidemic of HFMD requires further studies.

Enlightening from optimizing post-authorization safety monitoring system of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in major economies worldwide / 中华预防医学杂志

Ongoing global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has promoted the unprecedented rapid development and large-scale rolling out of different platform-based COVID-19 vaccines worldwide. How to effectively respond to the expected scale increasing adverse events after vaccination campaign of COVID-19 vaccines is a common problem faced by the world. A lot of countries and regions around the world have arranged in advance at different levels, optimizing the original vaccine safety monitoring system from the perspectives of strengthening the foundation and capabilities, promoting internal and external cooperation, upgrading methods, as well as improving transparency and public communication, which has ensured the good and efficient operation of the system and can provide reference for the construction of relevant fields in China.

Research and application of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on adenovirus vector technology platform / 中华预防医学杂志

During the global efforts to prevent and control the COVID-19 pandemic, extensive research and development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines using various technical approaches have taken place. Among these, vaccines based on adenovirus vector have gained substantial knowledge and experience in effectively combating potential emerging infectious diseases, while also providing novel ideas and methodologies for vaccine research and development (R&D). This comprehensive review focuses on the adenovirus vector technology platform in vaccine R&D, emphasizing the importance of mucosal immunity induced by adenoviral vector-based vaccine for COVID-19 prevention. Furthermore, it analyzes the key technical challenges and obstacles encountered in the development of vaccines based on the adenovirus vector technology platform, with the aim of providing valuable insights and references for researchers and professionals in related fields.

Preparation and immunogenicity evaluation of mRNA vaccine against porcine epidemic diarrhea / 生物工程学报

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious disease that causes high mortality in suckling piglets. Although several licensed inactivated and live attenuated vaccines were widely used, the infection rate remains high due to unsatisfactory protective efficacy. In this study, mRNA vaccine candidates against PED were prepared, and their immunogenicity was evaluated in mice and pregnant sows. The mRNA PED vaccine based on heterodimer of viral receptor binding region (RBD) showed good immunogenicity. It elicited robust humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, and the neutralizing antibody titer reached 1:300 after a single vaccination. Furthermore, it induced neutralizing antibody level similar to that of the inactivated vaccine in pregnant sows. This study developed a new design of PED vaccine based on the mRNA-RBD strategy and demonstrated the potential for clinical application.

Expression of antigens of foot-and-mouth disease virus in plants: a review / 生物工程学报

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, severe, and highly contagious infectious disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which seriously endangers the development of animal husbandry. The inactivated FMD vaccine is the main product for the prevention and control of FMD, which has been successfully applied to control the pandemic and outbreak of FMD. However, the inactivated FMD vaccine also has problems, such as the instability of antigen, the risk of spread of the virus due to incomplete inactivation during vaccine production, and the high cost of production. Compared with traditional microbial and animal bioreactors, production of antigens in plants through transgenic technology has some advantages including low cost, safety, convenience, and easy storage and transportation. Moreover, since antigens produced from plants can be directly used as edible vaccines, no complex processes of protein extraction and purification are required. But, there are some problems for the production of antigens in plants, which include low expression level and poor controllability. Thus, expressing the antigens of FMDV in plants may be an alternative mean for production of FMD vaccine, which has certain advantages but still need to be continuously optimized. Here we review the main strategies for expressing active proteins in plants, as well as the research progress on the expression of FMDV antigens in plants. We also discuss the current problems and challenges encountered, with the aim to facilitate related research.

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of heterologous immunization schedules with COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review and network meta-analysis / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Data on the immunogenicity and safety of heterologous immunization schedules are inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of homologous and heterologous immunization schedules.@*METHODS@#Multiple databases with relevant studies were searched with an end date of October 31, 2021, and a website including a series of Coronavirus disease 2019 studies was examined for studies before March 31, 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared different heterologous and homologous regimens among adults that reported immunogenicity and safety outcomes were reviewed. Primary outcomes included neutralizing antibodies against the original strain and serious adverse events (SAEs). A network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using a random-effects model.@*RESULTS@#In all, 11 RCTs were included in the systematic review, and nine were ultimately included in the NMA. Among participants who received two doses of CoronaVac, another dose of mRNA or a non-replicating viral vector vaccine resulted in a significantly higher level of neutralizing antibody than a third CoronaVac 600 sino unit (SU); a dose of BNT162b2 induced the highest geometric mean ratio (GMR) of 15.24, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.53-24.39. Following one dose of BNT162b2 vaccination, a dose of mRNA-1273 generated a significantly higher level of neutralizing antibody than BNT162b2 alone (GMR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.06-1.64), NVX-CoV2373 (GMR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.16-2.21), or ChAdOx1 (GMR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.25-2.59). Following one dose of ChAdOx1, a dose of mRNA-1273 was also more effective for improving antibody levels than ChAdOx1 (GMR = 11.09; 95% CI: 8.36-14.71) or NVX-CoV2373 (GMR = 2.87; 95% CI: 1.08-3.91). No significant difference in the risk for SAEs was found in any comparisons.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Relative to vaccination with two doses of CoronaVac, a dose of BNT162b2 as a booster substantially enhances immunogenicity reactions and has a relatively acceptable risk for SAEs relative to other vaccines. For primary vaccination, schedules including mRNA vaccines induce a greater immune response. However, the comparatively higher risk for local and systemic adverse events introduced by mRNA vaccines should be noted.@*REGISTRATION@#PROSPERO; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ ; No. CRD42021278149.

Evaluación de riesgo biológico en el control de calidad de vacunas virales / Biological risk evaluation in the quality control of viral vaccines

Las medidas de bioseguridad son el conjunto de conductas mínimas a ser adoptadas, a fin de reducir o eliminar los riesgos para el personal, la comunidad y el medio ambiente. Los laboratorios veterinarios manipulan materiales biológicos que pueden suponer riesgos biológicos tanto para los animales como para el hombre, por lo que los profesionales de estos laboratorios están expuestos a una variedad de riesgos relacionados con su trabajo que pueden afectar su salud. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el riesgo en el control de calidad de las vacunas virales mediante el uso del método BIOGAVAL, una forma cómoda y fiable de evaluar el riesgo de exposición a agentes biológicos. El estudio se realizó en la Unidad Empresarial de Base Control de la Calidad de la Empresa Productora de Vacunas Virales y Bacterianas el cual pertenece a LABIOFAM. La muestra de estudio estuvo conformada por 18 trabajadores, distribuidos en tres áreas. En los resultados obtenidos para valores superiores a 12 del nivel de acción biológica se requiere la adopción de medidas preventivas para reducir la exposición en el caso de Avulavirus, Pestivirus y Coronavirus, mientras que para Alphavirus se requieren acciones correctoras inmediatas ya que representa una situación de riesgo intolerable(AU)

Biosafety measures are the set of minimum behaviors to be adopted, in order to reduce or eliminate risks to personnel, the community and the environment. Veterinary laboratories handle biological materials that can pose biological risks for both animals and humans, so that professionals in these laboratories are exposed to a variety of risks to their health related to their work. The objective of this work was to evaluate the risk in the quality control of viral vaccines through the use of BIOGAVAL method, a convenient and reliable way to assess the risk of exposure to biological agents. The study was carried out in the Base Business Unit Quality Control of the Production Company of Viral and Bacterial Vaccines which belongs to LABIOFAM. The study sample consisted was 18 workers, dispersed in three areas. For values above 12 of the biological action level, preventive measures are required to reduce exposure to Avulavirus, Pestivirus and Coronavirus, while for Alphavirus immediate corrective measures actions are required as it represents an intolerable risk situation(AU)

Review Covid-19 (sars-cov-2) and medicinal plants ­ literature / Revisão Covid-19 (sars-cov-2) e plantas medicinais - literatura / Revisión Covid-19 (sars-cov-2) y plantas medicinales - bibliografía

In December 2019, a new coronavirus originating from the city of Wuhan in China started an epidemic that brought many countries into chaos and despair. SARS-CoV-2, as identified, gave rise to the severe acute respiratory syndrome called COVID-19. Its transmission happens through droplets of saliva, hand or contaminated surfaces. Since its discovery, COVID-19 has led many to death, therefore, researchers from around the world have joined efforts to develop strategies to contain the virus. In this race, drugs such as Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine have become possible options for showing an antiviral effect, however, studies contest their efficiency, generating uncertainties. Therefore, other alternatives have been investigated in this context, and the study of medicinal plants has been the target of research for the treatment of COVID-19 in search of bioactive natural products that can exert an antiviral action. The study aimed to analyze the published literature on COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and its relationship with medicinal plants. Bibliographical survey. So far, no specific treatment against the disease has been found, only supportive, with drugs that aim to improve the individual's immune system and ensure that the virus does not replicate, for example, there are options such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir and convalescent plasma. On the other hand, studies have revealed that medicinal plants such as garlic, among others, showed efficiency in modulating proteins with a view to preventing viral replication and improving immunity against COVID-19. So far, there are no drugs that are completely safe and have been shown to have activity against the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). However, medicinal plants can contribute to the development of specific therapies against SARS-CoV-2 in a safe and effective way.

Em dezembro de 2019, um novo coronavírus originário da cidade de Wuhan, na China, iniciou uma epidemia que levou muitos países ao caos e ao desespero. O SARS-CoV-2, conforme identificado, deu origem à síndrome respiratória aguda grave chamada COVID-19. Sua transmissão acontece através de gotículas de saliva, mãos ou superfícies contaminadas. Desde sua descoberta, o COVID-19 levou muitos à morte, por isso, pesquisadores de todo o mundo uniram esforços para desenvolver estratégias para conter o vírus. Nesta corrida, medicamentos como Cloroquina e Hidroxicloroquina tornaram-se opções possíveis por apresentarem efeito antiviral, porém, estudos contestam sua eficiência, gerando incertezas. Portanto, outras alternativas têm sido investigadas nesse contexto, e o estudo de plantas medicinais tem sido alvo de pesquisas para o tratamento da COVID- 19 em busca de produtos naturais bioativos que possam exercer ação antiviral. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a literatura publicada sobre COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) e sua relação com plantas medicinais. Levantamento bibliográfico. Até o momento, não foi encontrado nenhum tratamento específico contra a doença, apenas de suporte, com medicamentos que visam melhorar o sistema imunológico do indivíduo e garantir que o vírus não se replique, por exemplo, há opções como cloroquina, hidroxicloroquina, remdesivir e convalescença plasma. Por outro lado, estudos revelaram que plantas medicinais como o alho, entre outras, mostraram eficiência na modulação de proteínas visando prevenir a replicação viral e melhorar a imunidade contra a COVID-19. Até o momento, não existem medicamentos completamente seguros e que tenham demonstrado atividade contra o novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2). No entanto, as plantas medicinais podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de terapias específicas contra o SARS-CoV-2 de forma segura e eficaz.

En diciembre de 2019, un nuevo coronavirus originario de la ciudad de Wuhan, en China, inició una epidemia que sumió a muchos países en el caos y la desesperación. El SARS-CoV- 2, tal y como fue identificado, dio lugar al síndrome respiratorio agudo severo denominado COVID-19. Su transmisión se produce a través de gotitas de saliva, de las manos o de superficies contaminadas. Desde su descubrimiento, el COVID-19 ha llevado a muchos a la muerte, por lo que investigadores de todo el mundo han aunado esfuerzos para desarrollar estrategias de contención del virus. En esta carrera, fármacos como la Cloroquina y la Hidroxicloroquina se han convertido en posibles opciones por mostrar un efecto antiviral, sin embargo, los estudios refutan su eficacia, generando incertidumbres. Por lo tanto, otras alternativas han sido investigadas en este contexto, y el estudio de las plantas medicinales ha sido el objetivo de la investigación para el tratamiento de COVID-19 en busca de productos naturales bioactivos que puedan ejercer una acción antiviral. El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la literatura publicada sobre el COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) y su relación con las plantas medicinales. Estudio bibliográfico. Hasta el momento, no se ha encontrado un tratamiento específico contra la enfermedad, sólo de soporte, con fármacos que buscan mejorar el sistema inmunológico del individuo y asegurar que el virus no se replique, por ejemplo, existen opciones como la cloroquina, hidroxicloroquina, remdesivir y plasma convaleciente. Por otro lado, estudios han revelado que plantas medicinales como el ajo, entre otras, mostraron eficacia en la modulación de proteínas con vistas a impedir la replicación viral y mejorar la inmunidad contra el COVID-19. Hasta el momento, no existen medicamentos que sean completamente seguros y que hayan demostrado tener actividad contra el nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Sin embargo, las plantas medicinales pueden contribuir al desarrollo de terapias específicas contra el SARS-CoV-2 de forma segura y eficaz.

Percepción del riesgo biológico en el proceso productivo de la vacuna contra la peste porcina clásica / Biological risk perception in the production process of classical swine fever vaccine

La existencia de agentes biológicos como el virus de la peste porcina clásica para la producción de vacunas veterinarias, entre otros de igual importancia para nuestro país y la región en general, justifica una buena gestión de la seguridad biológica, ya que el desconocimiento del riesgo por parte del personal que labora en estas vacunas puede provocar contaminaciones de graves consecuencias medio ambientales, en el proceso de producción y a nivel personal si son causantes de accidentes fatales. El objetivo de la investigación fue realizar un análisis de la percepción de riesgo existente en el personal responsable del proceso de producción de la vacuna contra la peste porcina clásica. La aplicación del RISKPERCEP en el personal de la instalación de producción de la vacuna de la peste porcina clásica mostró como resultados el comportamiento de diferentes variables que hacen evidente la alta subestimación del riesgo existente en el personal evaluado y que existe la necesidad de profundizar en la formación en bioseguridad para todo el personal que labora en el proceso. Finalmente, se relacionan estos temas y su importancia para mejorar la calidad de la producción en estos procesos, así como incrementar el conocimiento acerca del riesgo biológico a todos los niveles(AU)

The existence of high-risk biological agents such as the classical swine fever virus for the production of veterinary vaccines, among others of equal importance for our country and the region in general, justifies good management of biological safety, since ignorance of the risk on part of the personnel who work in them, can cause contamination with serious consequences both at personal and environmental level, causing fatal accidents. The objective of the research was to carry out an analysis of the perception of existing risk in the personnel responsible for the production process of the vaccine against classical swine fever. The application of RISKPERCEP in the classical swine fever vaccine production facility showed as results the behavior of different variables that make evident the high underestimation of the existing risk in the evaluated personnel and that there is a need to deepen the training in biosafety to all staff working in the process. Finally, these issues and their importance to improve the quality of production in these processes are related, as well as to increase knowledge about biological risk at all levels(AU)

Compreensão do consentimento informado em pesquisa clínica de vacina contra o Zika vírus: estudo transversal / Understanding of informed consent in clinical research for a vaccine against Zika virus: a cross-sectional study / Comprensión del consentimiento informado en la investigación clínica de una vacuna contra el virus del Zika: un estudio transversal

OBJETIVO: avaliar a compreensão das informações do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido pelos participantes de uma pesquisa clínica de vacina contra o Zika vírus. MÉTODO: estudo transversal com amostra por conveniência e participação de 101 voluntários de uma pesquisa clínica em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Utilizou-se um questionário estruturado. A análise dos dados foi realizada no programa R, segundo a estatística descritiva e inferencial. RESULTADOS: a média de acertos dos participantes sobre as informações do documento de consentimento foi de 66,9%. A maioria dos participantes assinou o documento sem o conhecimento suficiente das informações da pesquisa. O Índice de compreensão foi maior entre os participantes que tinham se voluntariado em pesquisas prévias (p=0,039). CONCLUSÃO: verificaram-se limitações importantes na compreensão dos participantes sobre informações do termo de consentimento, o que comprometeu a decisão autônoma. São necessárias adaptações e melhorias nos processos de consentimento informado em prol da sua validade.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the understanding of the information contained in the Informed Consent Form by the participants of a clinical trial of a vaccine against the Zika virus. METHOD: cross-sectional study using intentional sampling, including a total of 101 volunteers in clinical research in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. A structured questionnaire was used. Data analysis was performed using R software, according to descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: the mean of correct answers of the participants regarding the information in the consent form was 66.9%. Most participants signed the document without sufficient knowledge of the research information. The comprehension index was higher among participants who had volunteered in previous research (p=0.039). CONCLUSION: there were important limitations in the participants' understanding of information in the consent form, which compromised the autonomous decision. Adaptations and improvements are necessary in the processes of informed consent for its validity.

OBJETIVO: evaluar la comprensión de las informaciones contenidas en el Término de Consentimiento Libre e Informado por los participantes de un ensayo clínico de una vacuna contra el virus del Zika. MÉTODO: estudio transversal con muestra de conveniencia y participación de 101 voluntarios en una investigación clínica en Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Se utilizó un cuestionario estructurado. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante el programa R, según estadística descriptiva e inferencial. RESULTADOS: el promedio de aciertos de los participantes con respecto a las informaciones del documento de consentimiento fue de 66,9%. La mayoría de los participantes firmó el documento sin conocimiento suficiente de las informaciones de la investigación. El índice de comprensión fue mayor entre los participantes que se habían ofrecido como voluntarios en investigaciones anteriores (p=0,039). CONCLUSIÓN: hubo limitaciones importantes en la comprensión de las informaciones del formulario de consentimiento por parte de los participantes, lo que comprometió la decisión autónoma. Son necesarias adecuaciones y mejoras en los procesos de consentimiento informado para su validez.

Change in serum IgG antibody during the recovery stage of Omicron variant infection in children: an analysis of 110 cases / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the serum level of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific RBD IgG antibody (SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody for short) in children with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection during the recovery stage, as well as the protective effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination against Omicron infection.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on 110 children who were diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection in Tianjin of China from January 8 to February 7, 2022. According to the status of vaccination before diagnosis, they were divided into a booster vaccination (3 doses) group with 2 children, a complete vaccination (2 doses) group with 90 children, an incomplete vaccination (1 dose) group with 5 children, and a non-vaccination group with 13 children. The clinical data and IgG level were compared among the 4 groups.@*RESULTS@#The complete vaccination group had a significantly higher age than the non-vaccination group at diagnosis (P<0.05), and there was a significant difference in the route of transmission between the two groups (P<0.05). There were no significant differences among the four groups in sex, clinical classification, and re-positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection (P>0.05). All 97 children were vaccinated with inactivated vaccine, among whom 85 children (88%) were vaccinated with BBIBP-CorV Sinopharm vaccine (Beijing Institute of Biological Products, Beijing, China). At 1 month after diagnosis, the booster vaccination group and the complete vaccination group had a significantly higher level of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody than the non-vaccination group (P<0.05), and at 2 months after diagnosis, the complete vaccination group had a significantly higher level of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody than the non-vaccination group (P<0.05). For the complete vaccination group, the level of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody at 2 months after diagnosis was significantly lower than that at 1 month after diagnosis (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has a protective effect against Omicron infection in children. For children vaccinated with 2 doses of the vaccine who experience Omicron infection, there may be a slight reduction in the level of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody at 2 months after diagnosis. Citation:Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 2022, 24(7): 736-741.

Construction of recombinant adenovirus expressing capsid protein of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus and analysis of its immunogenicity / 生物工程学报

In order to construct a recombinant replication deficient human type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) expressing a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid protein, specific primers for P12A and 3B3C genes of FMDV-OZK93 were synthesized. The P12A and 3B3C genes were then amplified and connected by fusion PCR, and a recombinant shuttle plasmid pDC316-mCMV-EGFP-P12A3B3C expressing the FMDV-OZK93 capsid protein precursor P12A and 3B3C protease were obtained by inserting the P12A3B3C gene into the pDC316-mCMV-EGFP plasmid. The recombinant adenovirus rAdv-P12A3B3C-OZK93 was subsequently packaged, characterized and amplified using AdMaxTM adenovirus packaging system, and the expression was verified by infecting human embryonic kidney cell HEK-293. The humoral and cellular immunity levels of well-expressed and purified recombinant adenovirus immunized mice were evaluated. The results showed that rAdv-P12A3B3C-OZK93 could be stably passaged and the maximum virus titer reached 1×109.1 TCID50/mL. Western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence showed that rAdv-P12A3B3C-OZK93 expressed the FMDV-specific proteins P12A and VP1 in HEK-293 cells. In addition, the PK cell infection experiment confirmed that rAdv-P12A3B3C-OZK93 could infect porcine cells, which is essential for vaccination in pigs. Comparing with the inactivated vaccine group, the recombinant adenovirus could induce higher FMDV-specific IgG antibodies, γ-IFN and IL-10. This indicates that the recombinant adenovirus has good immunity for animal, which is very important for the subsequent development of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine.

Preparation of bovine viral diarrhea disease virus 1 virus-like particles and evaluation of its immunogenicity in a guinea pig model / 生物工程学报

In order to obtain virus-like particles (VLPs) for prevention of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), the C-Erns-E1-E2 region was cloned into a pFastBacDaul vector for generating the recombinant Bacmid-BVDV-1 in DH10Bac Escherichia coli. The recombinant baculovirus Baculo-BVDV-1 was produced by transfecting the Sf9 cells with Bacmid-BVDV-1. The expressed protein and the assembled VLPs were determined by immunofluorescence, Western blotting and electron microscopy. Guinea pigs were immunized with inactivated VLPs coupled with the Montanide ISA-201 adjuvant. The immunogenicity of VLPs was evaluated by monitoring the humoral immune response with neutralizing antibody titer determination, as well as by analyzing the cell-mediated immune response with lymphocyte proliferation assay. The protective efficacy of VLPs was evaluated by challenging with 106 TCID50 virulent BVDV-1 strain AV69. The results showed that the recombinant Baculo-BVDV-1 efficiently expressed BVDV structural protein and form VLPs in infected Sf9 cells. The immunization of guinea pigs with VLPs resulted in a high titer (1:144) of neutralizing antibody, indicating an activated cellular immunity. Significantly lower viral RNA in the blood of the post-challenged immunized guinea pigs was observed. The successful preparation of BVDV VLPs with insect cell expression system and the observation of the associated immunogenicity may facilitate further development of a VLPs-based vaccine against BVD.

Consideraciones sobre los eventos trombóticos posteriores a la administración de la vacuna de AstraZeneca contra COVID-19 en Europa / Considerations for Thrombotic Events Following AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine Administration in Europe

En las campañas de vacunación, como en la actual situación de COVID-19, es habitual que los países señalen posibles efectos adversos después de la vacunación. Esto no significa necesariamente que los eventos estén relacionados con la vacunación en sí, pero es necesario investigarlos. También muestra que el sistema de vigilancia funciona y que existen controles efectivos. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) está en contacto regular con la Agencia Europea de Medicamentos (EMA) y otras autoridades reguladoras del mundo para obtener la información más reciente sobre la seguridad de todas las vacunas para COVID-19.